A Changing World

Racial segregation that existed in Africa. Apartheid. Apartheid was a system in South Africa where laws kept black and white people apart, restricting the rights of non-white citizens.

A land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops. Arable. In history, arable land has been crucial for agriculture and sustaining civilizations by providing food resources.

A Chilean Army General and military dictator who ruled Chile 1973 - 1990. Augusto Pinochet led a military coup that overthrew the democratically elected government, establishing a regime known for human rights abuses.

A human rights activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner, and the State Counsellor of Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi. She is a prominent figure in Myanmar's history who fought for democracy and freedom, facing years of house arrest for challenging the military regime.

The foremost spiritual leader in Tibetan Buddhism. Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama is the title given to the spiritual and temporal leader of the Tibetan people.

The paramount leader of the People's Republic of China 1978-1989. Deng Xiaoping. He was a key figure in transforming China's economy towards a more market-oriented approach.

A type of land degradation in drylands when fertile areas become more arid desertification. Desertification is when historically fertile land becomes dry and barren, often seen during extensive periods of poor land management or climate change.

A kind of tax levied by a state. Duty. In history, duty is a tax imposed on goods when they are transported across borders, often to protect local industries or raise government revenue.

The official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union. Euro. The euro was introduced in 1999 to create a unified and stable economic market among European countries.

A political and economic union of 27 member states in Europe. European Union. The European Union is a group of European countries that work together to make decisions about trade, laws, and policies to promote peace and prosperity.

The State President of South Africa 1989 - 1994. Frederik Willem de Klerk. He was the last president of apartheid-era South Africa and played a key role in ending the system of racial segregation.

Trying to destroy a people based on racial, national, or religious reasons. Genocide. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular group of people.

A Haiti's first democratically elected president. Jean-Bertrand Aristide. He was a key figure in ending decades of authoritarian rule in Haiti.

The founder of North Korea, which he ruled from 1948 until 1994, was Kim Il Sung. Kim Il Sung was a key figure in Korean history who established a communist state in North Korea.

An anti-apartheid revolutionary, who served as President of South Africa. Nelson Mandela. He was a leader who fought against racial segregation and helped bring democracy to South Africa.

Comprises the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Rim. The Pacific Rim is a region of countries that are located along the edge of the Pacific Ocean, known for their economic and cultural exchanges.

Temporary imposition on a state of economic, trade, diplomatic, cultural or other restrictions. Sanctions. In history, sanctions are measures taken by countries to pressure a nation to change its policies without using military force.

A settlement made of plywood, metal, plastic, and cardboard boxes. Shantytown. In history, a shantytown is a makeshift community for the homeless that emerged during economic hardships, like the Great Depression.

The President of Serbia and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Slobodan Milosevic. He was a key political leader involved in the Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s.

Population shift from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanization. Urbanization is the process in which large numbers of people move to cities, leading to their rapid growth and development.

The 62nd President of Mexico 2000 - 2006. Vicente Fox. Vicente Fox is known for being the first president from an opposition party to break the Institutional Revolutionary Party's 71-year hold on the Mexican presidency.

An international organization for the regulation of trade between nations. World Trade Organization. The World Trade Organization is a global entity that sets rules for international trade and helps resolve disputes between countries.