The New Imperialism 1800-1915

History

A policy or ideology of extending a country's rule over foreign nations

Imperialism

A policy or ideology of extending a country's rule over foreign nations. Imperialism is when a country takes control over foreign lands and people to expand its power.

A dependent territory, while a greater state retains control

Protectorate

A dependent territory, while a greater state retains control. Protectorate. A protectorate is a region that maintains its own government but is under the control or protection of a more powerful country.

An area or region over which a state has cultural, economic, military or political influence

Sphere of influence

An area or region over which a state has cultural, economic, military or political influence. Sphere of influence. In History, a sphere of influence is a region where a powerful country exerts indirect control or dominates due to its significant power and influence.

A religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate

Usman dan Fodio

A religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader, and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman dan Fodio was a significant Islamic leader in West Africa who led a major jihad to establish the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century.

War fought between the UK and the Boers of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State

Boer War

War fought between the UK and the Boers of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State. Boer War. The Boer War was a conflict from 1899 to 1902 where British forces fought against Dutch settlers in South Africa.

The leader of the Zulu Kingdom in Africa

Shaka

The leader of the Zulu Kingdom in Africa. Shaka. Shaka was a powerful Zulu king known for creating a strong Zulu nation in the early 19th century through military innovations.

A Muslim cleric and the founder and leader of the Wassoulou Empire

Samori Toure

A Muslim cleric and the founder and leader of the Wassoulou Empire, Samori Toure. Samori Toure was a prominent West African leader who resisted French colonial expansion in the late 19th century.

An action that limits a person's autonomy and is intended to promote their own good

Paternalism

An action that limits a person's autonomy and is intended to promote their own good. Paternalism. In history, paternalism often refers to authorities or governing bodies making decisions for people, claiming it's for their own benefit, like colonial powers justifying control over colonies.

The queen of the Ashanti Empire who led war against British colonialism

Yaa Asantewaa

The queen of the Ashanti Empire who led war against British colonialism. Yaa Asantewaa. She was a courageous leader who fought to protect her people and their land from British rule in the early 1900s.

A Scottish physician, Congregationalist and pioneer Christian missionary

David Livingstone

A Scottish physician, Congregationalist and pioneer Christian missionary. David Livingstone. He was an explorer who helped map central Africa and campaigned against the slave trade in the 19th century.

A spirit medium of the Zezuru Shona people and leader of a revolt against the British colonisation of Zimbabwe

Nehanda

A spirit medium of the Zezuru Shona people and leader of a revolt against the British colonisation of Zimbabwe. Nehanda. Nehanda was a spiritual leader who played a key role in resisting British colonial rule in the late 19th century.

A Welsh journalist, explorer and politician, famous for his exploration of central Africa

Henry Stanley

A Welsh journalist, explorer and politician, famous for his exploration of central Africa. Henry Stanley. He is best known for his expeditions in Africa and for finding the missionary David Livingstone.

An Emperor of Ethiopia and King of Shewa

Menelik II

An Emperor of Ethiopia and King of Shewa. Menelik II. He was a prominent Ethiopian leader known for defeating Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, ensuring Ethiopia's independence.

The King of the Belgians and the Sovereign of the Congo Free State

King Leopold II

The King of the Belgians and the Sovereign of the Congo Free State. King Leopold II. He was a Belgian king known for his brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

A group or class deemed to be in some way superior

Elite

A group or class deemed to be in some way superior. Elite. In History, elites are often people with more power, wealth, or influence than the average person.

A Nubian religious leader who combined orthodox religious study with an Islam

Muhammad Ahmad

A Nubian religious leader who combined orthodox religious study with an Islam. Muhammad Ahmad. He was a Sudanese leader in the late 19th century who declared himself the Mahdi, claiming to be the guided one expected in Islamic tradition.

Trying to destroy a people based on racial, national, or religious reasons

Genocide

Trying to destroy a people based on racial, national, or religious reasons is genocide. Genocide is the deliberate attempt to eliminate a particular group of people.

The prophesied redeemer of Islam

Mahdi

The prophesied redeemer of Islam. Mahdi. In Islamic tradition, the Mahdi is a messianic figure expected to appear before the Day of Judgment to restore justice and peace.

The Albanian Ottoman governor and the de facto ruler of Egypt

Muhammad Ali

The Albanian Ottoman governor and the de facto ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali is often considered the founder of modern Egypt due to his significant reforms and modernization efforts.

A higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system

Pasha

A higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system. Pasha. In the Ottoman Empire, a pasha was a high-ranking official, often acting as a governor or military commander.

A grant of rights, land or property by a government, local authority or other legal entity

Concession

A grant of rights, land or property by a government, local authority or other legal entity. Concession. In history, a concession often involved a government allowing a company or country to use resources or land, usually with specific conditions.

The title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty

Sultan

The title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty. Sultan. In history, a sultan is a Muslim ruler who holds ultimate political and military authority.

An old Hindu tradition of a widow immolating herself after her husband's death

Sati

An old Hindu tradition of a widow immolating herself after her husband's death. Sati is a historical practice in which a widow was expected to self-immolate on her husband's funeral pyre.

The process of clearing forests

Deforestation

The process of clearing forests. Deforestation. In history, deforestation is when large areas of trees are cut down to make room for agriculture or settlements.

A professional Indian infantryman in the armies of the Mughal Empire

Sepoy

A professional Indian infantryman in the armies of the Mughal Empire. Sepoy. A sepoy was an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders during colonial times.

An Indian religious, social and educational reformer, one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha

Ram Mohan Roy

An Indian religious, social and educational reformer, one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha. Ram Mohan Roy. He was a key figure in modernizing Indian society by promoting social reforms and rejecting outdated traditions.

A religious practice of female seclusion among some Muslim and Hindu communities

Purdah

A religious practice of female seclusion among some Muslim and Hindu communities. purdah. Purdah is the historical practice of women staying out of sight from men or strangers, often by wearing veils or staying in secluded areas.

The difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over time

Balance of trade

The difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports over time. Balance of trade. Historically, the balance of trade shows whether a country is gaining more money from its exports than it is spending on imports.

A civil war in China fought between Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Taiping Rebellion

A civil war in China fought between Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping Rebellion. It was a massive and deadly uprising from 1850 to 1864, led by Hong Xiuquan, aiming to establish a new kingdom based on his version of Christianity.

When country has a greater value of exports than its imports

Trade surplus

When a country has a greater value of exports than its imports, it experiences a trade surplus. In history, a trade surplus meant that a country was exporting more goods than it was importing, often leading to increased national wealth.

A conflict between the China and the Empire of Japan over control of Korea

Sino-Japanese War

A conflict between China and the Empire of Japan over control of Korea. Sino-Japanese War. The Sino-Japanese War was a late 19th-century conflict where Japan defeated China to gain influence over Korea.

When country has a greater value of imports than its exports

Trade deficit

When a country has a greater value of imports than its exports, trade deficit. Historically, a trade deficit means a country buys more from others than it sells to them.

The US policy that allowed for trade in China open to all countries equally

Open Door Policy

The US policy that allowed for trade in China open to all countries equally. Open Door Policy. The Open Door Policy was a diplomatic principle aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China.

A series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China

Opium War

A series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China. Opium War. The Opium War was a conflict where Britain fought China to force them to allow opium trade.

The eleventh Emperor of the Qing dynasty

Guang Xu

The eleventh Emperor of the Qing dynasty. Guang Xu. Guang Xu was a Chinese emperor known for his attempts to modernize China during the late 19th century with the Hundred Days' Reform.

A contractual obligation of one party to compensate the loss incurred to the other party

Indemnity

A contractual obligation of one party to compensate the loss incurred to the other party. Indemnity. In history, indemnity often involved one country paying another after losing a war to cover damages and expenses.

An anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. Boxer Rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion was a violent movement in China where locals resisted foreign influence and Christian missionaries.

The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law

Extraterritoriality

The state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law. Extraterritoriality. In history, extraterritoriality allowed foreigners to be tried under their own country's laws instead of the local laws where they lived or worked.

The provisional first president of the Republic of China

Sun Yixian

The provisional first president of the Republic of China. Sun Yixian. Sun Yixian, also known as Sun Yat-sen, was a key figure in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China.